学英语克服职场中年危机，难？掌握9个技巧，考级升职加薪

如今早已不能一门手艺吃遍天下，现在工作压力也比较大了——职场中年危机，没有一份高收入的工作钱根本不够花，有些职场人士就考试瞄向了雅思托福考试，希望通过自己的努力在职场中多一份筹码，让自己的工资翻两番。

小宋今年２６岁，毕业两年，是某教育行业外企，面试都是英文的，后来被要求考了一次托福，现在每天晚上和外教聊1小时。工作第二年涨了工资，换了个岗位。提升英语是克服职场危机、提高事业后劲儿的重要途径，所以今天职场君给大家带来了托福学习的干货——

托福阅读出题分析

ETS考试中心在设计出题的过程中，先会确定该考试的目的以及所要测试的语言能力。出题官会根据考察目的来出题。而托福考试的阅读部分是为将来学生进入到本科以及研究生学习中能够看懂英文教科书和学术论文而做的测试，因此ETS把托福阅读部分定义为学术阅读。这也是美国大学会采纳托福考试成绩作为录取标准的重要原因。

因为该考试说明考试达标的学生具有在校看文章，跟老师同学交流，听课以及写论文的能力。托福考试是能力导向型考试而非死记硬背型的考试，这是大家在备考中需要注意的。知道考官如何设置出题，才能从整体上把握托福，而不是瞎子摸象式的凭感觉备考。

在阅读部分ETS主要考察以下学术阅读能力。

学术阅读有三个主要目的，而ETS考试根据这三个阅读目的来设置要考察的能力。

阅读以查找信息：有效扫读文本中的关键事实和重要信息，有一定的阅读流畅性和速度。

理解文章大意：理解一篇文章的中心想法、大概内容、主题或主要观点、要点、重要事实和细节，并能认识到一篇文章的组织和目的。

理解作者的写作意图：能够理解作者写的各段落之间的联系。在阅读过程中能够将信息组织成类别图表或重点记录，以便回忆主要观点和重要细节。

在托福阅读文章中，考官设计出题的出题点有以下几种。

1 引号后面的内容。

2 例证 （概述+for example等指示词+例子）。

3 转折词： nevertheless, rather than, but, on the other hand, in fact, indeed, actually, practically,virtually。

4 出现解释定义的情况：

a. that is 插入语 b. 同位语：加在两逗号间并对第一个逗号之前的句子进行解说明

c. 破折号后面的内容 d. 平行结构（如and连接的）

5 比较级，最高级。

6 因果逻辑关系出现时。

推荐的托福阅读做题方法：

1 在模考中先阅读每段首句、结尾段的首句加末尾句。然后开始做题。

2 每道题先读屏幕左边的题目，快速浏览选项。句意转换、总结题、词汇题不需要看题。然后与原文快速定位。

3 边读边总结每段大意，平时训练时注意，这样可以快速做好最后的总结题。

4 每篇阅读应该留3-4分钟做最后的总结题。

新托福阅读题型讲解

在讲解具体题型之前，先来说说托福文章标题的秘密。 托福阅读做题的第一个步骤是看标题，而不是直接看第一句话。

1. 看题目知道两个重要信息：文章的科目和文章结构

2. 标题类型：

1 A，一个名词，比如Groundwater。

全文解释说明一个名词。

第一段：背景、定义。

第二段：发祥或者发展。

第三段以后：具体特点。

2 A of B，名词词组。

比如 The Long-term Stability of Ecosystems。

重点是 long-term stability

范围是 Ecosystems

文章逻辑与一个名词的题目接近。

3 A and B，对比比较类。

最后一题极有可能是table题，分别选择A和B的特点。

重点在于A和B的不同点以及两者之间的关系。

第一段： A和B的背景、定义、关系。

第二段：重点讲相同点和不同点。

第三段以后：具体对比。

托福阅读的所有题型

按照ETS出题的方式分为十种题型，两大类。

第一类为基础信息以及内容判断题（ Basic Information and Inferencing questions），每篇11-13题。

这种出题类型具体包括：

1 事实细节题 Factual Information questions（每篇3-6题）

2 否定事实细节题 Negative Factual Information questions（每篇0-2题）

3 推断题 Inference questions（每篇0-2题）

4 修辞目的题（每篇0-2题）

5 词汇题（每篇3-5题）

6 指代题 Reference questions（每篇0-2题）

7 句子简化题 Sentence Simplification questions（每篇0-1题）

8 句子插入题 Insert Text question（每篇1题）

第二大类为阅读学习题（ Reading to Learn questions），每篇1题。

这类型题目包括：

1 总结题 Prose Summary（每篇0-1题）

2 表格题 Fill in a Table（每篇0-1题）

托福阅读具体题型分析

1. 事实细节题

解题方法：原文定位

逻辑取非：具体讲解此种逻辑分析方法，无论是在托福阅读还是GRE阅读中都十分有用。

取非思路： e.g： However, unlike the case of beaver and pinnipeds, it is not easy to envision what

the first whales looked like.

例：然而，与其他海狸和鳍脚类不同的是，要去想象第一头鲸是什么样子并不容易。

托福使用这个句子提问该句子能推断出什么信息。

其实我们就要换一个思路来看这句话，有时间翻译出来的话，会很清晰。但是在考场上要追

求速度的话，我们就可以从Unlike这个否定词来突破，句中Unlike beaver和pinnipeds，想象第一只

鲸长什么样是不容易的，也就是说想象B和P长什么样是很容易的。

答案： It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

提高方法：练习定位速度，可在平时练习时，快速列出文章每段提纲。复习语法中双重否定

的用法，熟悉常用的否定词以及一些可以表示否定的其他词性的词汇。

例题：

It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe　through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of　hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blow- hole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling　mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose　limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked　like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap　between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly　intermediate, or transitional, be- tween land mammals and cetaceans.

In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blow- hole in cetaceans?

A. It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.

B. It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.

C. It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.

D. It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.

答案解析：

答案B。根据段落中的原文信息提取：“blowholes cannot disguise cetaceans' affinities with other　mammals”，同意转换为选项中“It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.”答案A、 C、D与原文不符。

2. 否定事实细节题

解题方法：判断要except掉的对象，在对应段落中定位，一定要逐条检查。

通常出现在分步骤用长句描述一个对象，或两事物类比时。

提高方法：长句的快速阅读，找关键词定位，以及转述原句的能力，因为答案可能会把原文

改写后出现。

错误答案的特征： 1. 部分正确； 2. 过于笼统； 3. 超出了问题范围； 4. 文中没有提及。

解题方法：着重看表示目的的词汇来推测。

常见的表目的的词汇： argue, classify, compare, contrast, criticize, define, describe， emphasize,explain identify, illustrate, introduce, persuade, point out, praise, predict, prove, summarize, support,trace, warn.

写作目的往往与文章主题密切相关，先读考点在原文中所处的句子，再读其前一句话，这句话的意思往往是考点在原文中要说明的问题。

提高方法：在做完题目后分析原句并翻译， 将错误选项进行对比。

例题:

The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-Day Mexico City,began its growth by 200-100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a　population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers. It had over 2,000　apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center,a massive number of religious edifices, and a regular pattern of streets and buildings. Clearly, much　planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of his great metropolis.

Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern　Central America and Mexico).

In paragraph 1, each of the following is mentioned as a feature of the city of Teotihuacán between

A.D. 150 and 700 EXCEPT

A. regularly arranged streets

B. administrative centers spread across the city

C. many manufacturing workshops

D. apartment complexes

答案解析：

答案B。根据原文中：“It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number

of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a massive number of religious edifices, and a regular

pattern of streets and buildings.”对应选项A、 C、 D，因此排除B选项。

3. 修辞目的题

解题方法：修辞目的是了解作者写句子或者写段落的目的。通常作者在学术写作中（托福的

阅读都来自教科书或者学术类杂志）表达自己的意思时会有以下目的。

a. 举例支持自己的理由

b. 解释说明自己的观点

c. 强调自己的立场

d. 引出下文

在具体文章中还有别的意图，但思考的大方向是句子在文章中所担起的作用。

提高方法：做完题目之后回看文章，专项练习判断句子与句子之间的关系。

例题（例题来自官方指南）：

An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale　Ambulocetus natans (“the walking whale that swam” ) lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It　lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes　a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a　modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail　and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone　shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up　and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On　land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a　modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.

Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans fossil included　hind legs?

A. Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.

B. The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.

C. The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the whale.

D. Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.

题目解析：

答案B。

本段解释“The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs.”这一发现的重要性，因此与B选项中的“important information”相符合。

4. 词汇题

解题方法：当然词汇量大的同学不存在对词汇题的困扰。如果认识选项中的单词则应当毫不犹豫地选出答案以节约做题时间。遇到不确定或者不熟的词汇可以从句中的同位语解释，或者名词性从句中的解释部分来判断，并且注意句中词组的相互关系，逻辑关系。

在句中表示解释的语法标志有“or”并列部分的解释， be动词之后的解释，“for example”举例解释等。以及单词本身的结构，也就是表示肯定或否定的前缀和后缀。

例题：

Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale,　Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This　whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons　were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a　foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long　Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional,　or vestigial, hind legs.

The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. explained

B. visible

C. identified

D. located

题目解析：

exposed

adj. 暴露的，无掩蔽的。

v. 暴露，揭露（ expose的过去分词）。

在知道单词意思以后可以直接选出B。

visible

adj. 明显的；看得见的；可得到的；现有的。

n. 可见物；进出口贸易中的有形项目。

如果单词没有看懂可以看这个句子的意思：在特提斯海留下的沉积物中发现了Basilosaurus，现在暴露在撒哈拉沙漠中。

5. 指代题

解题方法：该题型考察语法知识和语意理解。语法指代比如提问“this”“it”指代的是句子中哪部分内容，需要判断句子结构，快速定位句子中的主语、谓语和宾语。语意理解，比如问某一个词在原句中指代是什么部分，则需要理解句意。

提高方法：专项记忆阅读词汇，尤其是历年考过的阅读词汇题的集合材料。对语法中同位语从句，名词性从句的部分进行复习。

例题：

The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern　cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of　cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil　and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through　the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for　diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of　extinct flesh eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed　on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave　birth on land.

The word It in the passage refers to

A. Pakicetus

B. fish

C. life

D. ocean

题目解析：

答案A。

“It probably bred and gave birth on land.”句子中可以看出it 这个东西是个有生命的具体生物，还要在陆地上“give birth”，因此只有A符合。

6. 句子简化题

句子简化题也叫句意转化题，是错误率比较高的一道题。实际上是用另一种方式表达与原文相同的意思。通常会使用不同的结构或者同义词和同义词组来进行变化。在分析原句和正确选项的时候往往会发现它们的内容是一一对应的。

e.g. many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood.

正确选项： many more individuals are born than can survive until the age of reproduction.

提高方法：复习语法中同位语从句和名词性从句的章节。并把托福阅读当中的所有句子简化题收集起来作为模仿练习的样本。 ETS的每一套托福试题都是花费了很大的人力财力的，而其中的句子简化均是一整组老师精心编写出来的，非常值得学习。

例题：

An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale　Ambulocetus natans (“the walking whale that swam” ) lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It　lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes　a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a　modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail　and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone　shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up　and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On　land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern　sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in　the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.

B. The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.

C. Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modernwhales.

D. By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different wayfrom the way Ambulocetus swam.

题目解析：

答案 C。

提问句：（ The structure of the backbone） shows, however, that（ Ambulocetus swam like　modern whales） by（ moving the rear portion of its body up and down） , （ even though a fluke was　missing.） The large （ hind legs） were （ used for propulsion） in water.

根据括号内的意群划分且调整句子语序（ even though a fluke was missing）（ The structure　of the backbone） shows, however, that （ Ambulocetus swam like modern whales） by（ moving the　rear portion of its body up and down），就是答案C 中的句子 Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its　backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.

7. 句子插入题

插入类型

解题方法：根据句首词组判断段与段或句子与句子之间的关系，根据以下逻辑关系及信号词进行判断。

提高方法：收集并记忆表达逻辑关系的副词以及连词。在看段落和写段落时有意识地注意句与句之间的段落关系。

例题：

Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap　between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■ Missing until recently were fossils　clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. ■ Very exciting discoveries　have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■ In 1979, a team　looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.“This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.” Where would the sentence best fit?

题目解析：答案插在第二个空格。需要插入句子有“问题”一词，因此应该靠近一个问题的位置插入语。所以应该插在How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale　bridged? 这个问题之后。

8. 总结题 Prose Summary (每篇0-1题)

在比较耗时的总结题中，解题的关键是要在阅读的过程中就要注意每段的大意，只有在心里有清晰的文章主线，才有望拿到阅读的高分或满分。最佳方法应该是在一开始读的时候就对每一段的段落大意有总结意识。如果时间实在有限，则关注每一段的第一句话（段落目的句）和最后一句话（段落总结句）。

例题：

请先看全文（蘑菇把全文中的逻辑关键为大家梳理出来，请大家在做完题目后，模仿这一分析方法，分析自己做过的文章。这样更利于梳理思路，提高之后的做题顺畅度以及正确率）。范文来自ETS 托福线上模考题。

Eearly Cinema

The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until（关键词，容易出反推类型的题目。说明peepshow之前影院并不是属于大众消费的。） its technology evolved from the initial　"peepshow" format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater. In the　peepshow format, a film was viewed through a small opening in a machine that was created for that　purpose. Thomas Edison' s peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was introduced to the public in 1894.（讲述如何进入大众视野。） It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained　only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any　one time. The first Kinetoscope parlors contained five machines. For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per　machine), customers moved from machine to machine to watch five different films (or, in the case of　famous prizefights, successive rounds of a single fight) （机器使用的原理。）

第一段讲述电影发展进入大众消费的起源背景以及关键设备Kinetoscope。

These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful　for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through　individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces　of music. The Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was more interested in the sale　of Kinetoscope(for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these parlors than in the films that would be run in them　(which cost approximately $10 to $15 each). He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that　if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him　instead of several.（爱迪生抗拒继续发展这项技术的原因。）

第二段讲新技术的使用使得机器使用成本大大降低，因此发明者爱迪生不愿意推广该技术。Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits（经营者的想法） , which they could do more　readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time)　and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor

in 1894, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins,and Orville and Woodville Latham (with the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson)　perfected projection devices. （哪些人精进了这项技术） These early projection devices were used in　vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and　amusement parks to show films to a mass audience.When this widespread use of projection technology　began to hurt his Kinetoscope business, Edison acquired a projector developed by Armat and introduced　it as "Edison's latest marvel, the Vitascope". （爱迪生开始推广从别人那里采用的技术。）

第三段讲商人们进行了新技术的发展和优化，在技术普及后，爱迪生也开始推广从别人那里

采用的技术。

With the advent of projection in 1895-1896, motion pictures became the ultimate form of mass　consumption （早期电影成为大众消费品） . Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at　the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures,　and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time. But the　movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live　performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of　ceremonies who assembled the final program. （电影与其他现场表演的区别）

第四段讲在有放映技术以后这一行业的发展，以及电影与其他现场表演的区别。

Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies　themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little　or no active participation by the exhibitor. Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by　mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive　to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures, their creative control remained limited. What　audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies（观众真正想要的是什么） : the　lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people　walking in the street, and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of　the camera.

第五段讲有了电影后，观众们到剧院期待的是电影本身，而不是与之结合的其他表演形式。

With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private（电影带来的改变） , as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the　Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on　individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.（两个机器的相似点） It suddenly　became public-an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. At　the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions　of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet. （视觉上的发展）

最后一段写两种机器的发展对于电影发展的影响。

看完文章之后，来看文章的最后一题，总结题。

13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.　Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas　in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not　presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

a. The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen.*（全文的主旨，投放技术让电影成为大众消费。）

b. Early cinema allowed individuals to use special machines to view films privately.*（第一段主旨）

c. Once film images could be projected, the cinema became form of mass consumption.（第一段，以及全文主旨）

d. Kinetoscope parlors for viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors.（第二段的细节，并非段意）

e. Thomas Edison's design of the Kinetoscope inspired the development of large screen projection.（第三段并没说明是EDISON的发明激励大屏幕投影，是商人追求利益促成的。）

f. Slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to audiences of hundreds of spectators.（第四段的细节错误， slide只是众多娱乐形式中的一种。）

9. 表格题 Fill in a Table (每篇0-1题)

表格题与前面的总结题做题方式有些接近。 但是表格题主要是对比文章中两个对象的所有特点。因此关键不是每一段段落大意，而是文章中对比的两个事物各自的特点。比如文章中讲述的是孢子植物和被子植物，那么表格题就是要分别列出这两种植物的特点。需要在具体描述这两种植物特点的段落中寻找关键句子对应答案。

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